The Performance Of The Foxconn Business Commerce Essay

The Performance Of The Foxconn military control Commerce EssayFoxconn Technology Group, a subsidiary of the Hon Hai Precision Industries Ltd. and is unity of the worlds largest electronics manufacturers. It ranks 112th among Global Fortune 500 Companies. Currently, Foxconn has a playactforce of 900,000 workers on the whole told everywhere China. The company send offs to expand its workforce to 1.3 million people by the bar of 2011 (Culpan, 2010). It manufactures hardwargon for a prominent list of clients, including Apple, HP, Dell, Nokia and Nintendo. Despite the fall of net profit margins over erstwhile(prenominal) few years, Foxconns business has been growing. This implies that Foxconn result keep grievous wear out costs to wield its dominance in the industry.The recent katzenjammer in media or so Foxconn has not been because of its huge workforce or its profits. Rather, it is the 17 young Foxconn employees who committed suicides between January and August 2010 that has brought into light the dilemma of frontline employees at Foxconn and former(a)(a) much(prenominal) factories. The suicide measure for China stands at 12 for every 100,000 people per year. With a workforce of 420,000 and 13 suicides this year, the suicide rate at Foxconn is approximately iodine-quarter the national average (Mimi, 2009). This paper will fatten out on what the media corroborate reported and relate the data to affair traffic. struggle and work HoursFoxconn claims that it is compliant with local laws. But, search studies conducted by SACOM (Students Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior) concur found that Foxconn has been a regular violator of labor laws. numerous mystical facts relating to employment relations ar discussed below.Workers were unplowed uninformed about hire increase planWhen the suicide cases r distri moreoverivelyed a climax in May, Foxconn obviously increased wages twice, but there was no formal announcement. Also, dilate about the conditions under which workers can benefit from this pay rise, like seniority or type of contract were not discussed.Basic wage is unspoilt slightly much than minimum wage and furthest below quick wageThe basic wage of frontline workers at Foxconn is lone(prenominal) CNY 100 more than the minimum wage (SACOM, 2010). According to Foxconn heed, the purpose of the wage increase plan was to stabilize the workforce. But the fact is that the basic wage was insufficient for workers to maintain decent living standards in Shenzhen. Also, basic wages in Tianjin, Wuhan and Kunshan lock far behind the standard wage, which makes it extremely difficult for workers to live in such expensive cities on such small in numbers.Excessive over prison termMarxism came into existence by means of Marxs observation a known writer and theoriser who opposed capitalism while capitalism was in its infancy, his scheme was named the bolshy theory. To Marx employment relation was a major way of u nderstanding capitalism. He was like an opposition force for the employers, he disputed the divisions that were created in the industrial society through competition between the two classes (employers and the employees). He was of the nous that since employees had to do meaningless jobs it created low esteem, morale and low motivation amongst the employees. His glide slope created the thought that conflict will persist in the employment relations and no solution will be able to resolve it completely, and the except basic changes in the providence, such as overthrowing capitalism, will help in creating a left economy, however, China is already a socialist economy and state.One could argue that because China is a communistic state, it operates on socialist values and employs Marxist philosophies in order to alter the wellbeing of the Chinese people. However, from the Foxconn example, we can see that this was not the case and this raises the question of if the Marxist theory rea lly has any relevance in improving self esteem, when Foxconn has violate several Labor Laws . In any working environment, overtime work should not be more than 36 hours per month (article 41) (SACOM, 2010). For example, engineers at corporate Digital Product Business Group (IDPBG) of Foxconn in Shenzhen, who were involved in doing of the first generation iPad, worked whole weeks, including Sundays and had only one tranquillity day every 13 days plus they did not level receive any overtime aid for weekends. thither atomic number 18 new(prenominal) departments where workers work overtime for about 140 hours a month and have no day off at all.Deduction of overtime premiumAccording to workers at Foxconn, calculation of working hours is incorrect. Foxconn uses Comprehensive Calculation of Working Hours System, which does not recognize monthly overtime beyond 80 hours (quote) and hence, workers ar not paid for those hours.Also, workers complained that the newly introduced overtim e control is actually take in the sense that overtime does take place, but it is not enter or paid as such.Apart from all this Foxconn employees are do to attend morning assemblies, end-of-work-shift assemblies and weekly meetings during which the management talks about evaluate deliverables, work targets and discipline, but they do not receive compensation for the time spent in these compulsory meetings that may consume up to one hour a day. Time spent in training is not fully paid either. As a result, workers do not give more than before the June 2010 wage increase.ManagementA close depth psychology of the management practices and workers criticisms about the management at Foxconn is indicative of the fact that a military-style, punishment poreed working management followed at the company for its workers is another(prenominal) factor that might have contributed to suicides at Foxconn.A culture of subjection is forced on workers from the first day of their employment. They a re badly toughened during recruitment procedures they are not allowed to questions during their orientation trainings they are punished for all kinds of misconduct, ranging from as big as not meeting their daily deliverables to as minute as taking too much time in bathroom.Reward systemWorkers are deprived of production premium, which is given twice a year, if they have declined overtime work or taken ptyalise leave. It seems that there are no set terms for a bonus it is exclusively at the discretion of the management.All these factors reflect the authoritative reputation of Foxconns management. Foxconns military-style corporate philosophy is also reflected in one of the sayings of Foxconns billionaire CEO terry Guo democracy is the most inefficient thing in the world (Chang, 2010). This explains wherefore Foxconn regime excludes any say by workers and why it is so anti-democratic. apportion UnionsTheories kept evolving as the size and scope of businesses expanded, taking into consideration engineering science and the nature of work of the employees. One of the theories that came about was the pluralist theory, which acknowledged the complex situations such as conflict of interest between the management and the employees. It suggested that these kinds of complex situations could only be resolved through the involvement of government. However, because China is a communist state, craftsmanship unions struggle to exist and therefore pluralism cannot and wont be adopted.Investigations at Foxconn offend that workers have no confidence that the state-run trade unions will obligate their rights for very obvious reasons. First, these unions are usually silent on working conditions of the company. Instead, at the companys morale-boosting rallies, the union officials glorify Guos image and Foxconns corporate image by displaying portraits of Guo and singing his praises. Second, these trade unions consist of few young members and majorly of senior management off icers. Apparently, the union members tend to please the management in order to ascertain their jobs. Last, the trade union committee is not democratically elected. This is indicative of the political power exercised by Foxconn and its high management.Health and SafetyMost of the workers are not aware of the damaging effects of chemicals they use and of the precautionary measures they essential follow before working with dangerous materials on the factory floor. Many of them suffer from threat of occupational diseases. Under the increased pressure, 12.7 percent of workers experient fainting spells, 24.1 percent of female workers had irregularities in their menstrual cycle and 47.9 percent of workers complained of psychical stress. This clearly shows the deficiency of training for workers on occupational health and safety. Moreover, denying protective equipments and health examinations to workers shows managements informed negligence in following safety standards for workers. motility PlansCurrently, Foxconn has a huge workforce of around 420,000 in Shenzhen plant alone. In the result of series of suicides, Foxconn announced its plan of relocating its production to central, western, and northern China, where labor is plentiful and official minimum wages are lower than in other areas. Workers were again uninformed of the details but anyway, they had no cream but either relocate or resign. A serious intimation of this move is that the announced wage increase for the Longhua workers in Shenzhen will father irrelevant.Social FactorsThough Foxconn offers accommodation for workers, but it is more like a prison to them.As a result of their low pay, most workers are forced to live in crowded factory halls. On average, each worker has a space of about two square metres. There is no social interaction among roommates because of their different backgrounds and shift timings. Social closing off in Foxconn is regarded as one of the chief causes of the suicides. A prison-like safety interlocking is installed in every hall building in many facilities to encumber workers from jumping. This indicates that management is aware of the potential intentions of the workers.All the factors discussed above help us realize the physical, social and psychological agony workers at Foxconn go through each day. These factors highlight the underlying causes of the dilemma of workers at Foxconn and at other such companies. Illegal and unethical labor practices followed by Foxconn, lack of basic democratic rights for workers, monopolistic capitalist mode of production by translational corporations in global supply chains, lack of auditing by the government of the employment terms and practices followed by companies, discriminatory characteristic of Chinas urban household system, lack of government jut are some of them.ConclusionThe essence of all these traditional theories of management styles is that there exists a single, best approach to management, and the research was aimed at finding this best approach. One of the recognized theorists was Fredrick W. Taylor. His purpose and mood was to maximise efficiency, he believed that the principal object of management should be to tick maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. He considered that the best approach was for the employee to fulfil optimum goals, which would result in higher wages for them, and managements gain will be higher productivity. Therefore the employee himself will work harder and try his level best to produce more since he is getting financial benefits for doing so, this was his differential piece-rate system. This clearly was not the case with Foxconn, as demonstrated by the evidence highlighted throughout the body of the paper.In the past few years, manufacturing facilities or so called sweatshops have started following labor laws but at the same time to make up for the loss, they have demonstrable strategies to spe ed up the production in factories. As a result, production targets keep soaring and labor exploitation does not stop.Thus far Foxconn and its high-profile customers including Apple, HP, and Dell have failed to effectively address underlying labor issues at the Foxconn production facilities. But, Foxconn is not the only one to be responsible these other big electronic brands, which place orders with Foxconn, are equally responsible for the tragedies. By threatening to shift their orders, they force their suppliers in China to lower wages, run working hours and intensify workloads and thus directly pressure the workers. Clearly, all these brands are making huge profit at the cost of the workers miserable lives.It is ostensible that the grievances of the workers cannot be addressed by Chinese labor laws alone. It is required to reveal the actual working and living conditions of workers at Foxconn to gather public support for their struggle against their plight. Pleading companies to abstain themselves from violating labor laws is futile instead, people mustiness urge concerned organizations, consumers, investors, and the government to join the workers to pressure electronic factories to improve working conditions and employment relations in the electronics industry. Also, to fight for workers rights, effective trade unions must be formed by holding democratic elections in accordance with the Trade Union Law in China.Foxconn needs to clear up its structure. There is a need to meet the political requirements, which calls for better wages, learning of workers rights and the development of hi-tech industries that will create better living standards for workers. Foxconn must address communication gap between management and the labor and focus on employee satisfaction, rather than solely company profits. Workers must be kept informed about their rights, about the relocation plans well in advance, about any wage increase plans and be provided with the details of th e terms and conditions followed for boastful bonuses. These are just basics principles of employment relations, which Foxconn have not come close to meeting.

The Whale Rider (2002) Summary and Analysis

The hunt d bear passenger (2002) Summary and AnalysisThe goliath riderAbstract titan passenger is a fun take on of the 2002, based on the refreshing of Witi Ihimaera, and directed by Niki Caro. The world premire was on September 2002, at the Toronto International dash Festival. The film gained much respect from critics, it went on in film festivals such as Sundance and Tribecca, and gained international recognition. It has a lot of awards through the world BAFTA Childrens Award, Best Feature Film 2003 Broadcast Film Critics railroad tie Award, Best Young Actor/Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes) 2004 Chicago Film Critics Association Award, well-nigh Promising Performer (Keisha Castle-Hughes) 2004 Cinemanila International Film Festival, Special Jury lever 2003 Humanitas Prize, Sundance Film Category 2003 Indep demi empathizent Spirit Award, Best Foreign Film (New Zealand) 2004 Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival and others. track down Rider is a contemporar y re-telling of the 1000-year-old legend about legendary first source named Paikea. This film combines elements of hi history, traditions, depicting them from the point of view of a child, that sees the world non in black and white terms. On the other hand, it is a drama about relationship of a young girl and her grandpa.Heroes and oddballsThe film behemoth rider is considered to be a personal and family drama, showing that families regular(a) in the most far away parts of the world have correspondent relations and personal problems. All People have the same emotions they perturb and cry, they feel happy and laugh. A Maori family, despite their beliefs or rituals, can be fitting like an American family, or any other one.The story takes place in the small town Whangara in New Zealand. some(prenominal) centuries ago a legendary ancestor named Paikea brought there the Maori people, who still lives there. The invention about Paikea says that he was rescued by a whale, after h is boat was lost in the sea. He rode the whale and founded the Maori people, and from that day the tradition exists an firstborn son is the Chief of the tribe and the attraction.Once deep within the ocean, a herd of whales was responding, and when the whales began stranding on the beach, this seemed to be a signal of an apocalyptic end to his tribe. Until one person prepares to make the sacrifice to save the peoplethe Whale Rider.Whale Ridershows emotional experience of a young Maori girl, Pai, who is the main character and the most bright personality in the film. She struggles to gain the approval of her grandfather and her people.From the beginning, Paikea, or Pai, is a young girl in a mans world. though she is loved by her grandfather named Koro, who is the Chief of the Maori tribe, she is non accepted as a future draw, and as a person as well.A special attention should be paid to a the concept of shadows in the story, as it has an important meaning. The symbolism from the be ginning foreshadows Pais future as a leader a close up of the crying babys green heart and soul mirrors the close up of a whales eye. So the focus of the eye humanizes the whale and connects the young girl to the animal.As Pai grows older, her defiant character of a leader renders evident. Pai herself is interested in the leadership, learning traditionalistic songs and dances, and Taiaha fighting a traditional stick fighting method used by the Maori men. Pai feels, that she can become the leader, but it is impossible for a woman to do so, and she is given poor encouragement by her grandfather.Paikea My name is Paikea Apirana, and I come from a presbyopic line of chiefs stretching all the way back to the whale rider. Im not a prophet, but I know that our people allow for uphold going forward, all together, with all of their strength.Even when Pai becomes alternatively proficient in taiana fighting, this still does not prove to Koro that she is good enough to be a leader of t he people.Koro, who is the Chief of the Maori tribe, is the other important character of the film. The conflict surrounded by him and Pai is caused by Koros refusal to acknowledge Pai as the inheritor of the tradition, Koro is blinded by prejudice, and null can convince him that Pai is the natural heir. First of all, because Paikea is a woman, she is not summate to be the Maori leader.The old Chief is convinced that the tribes misfortunes began at Pais birth, and calls for his people to make their firstborn boys to him for training. He is certain that through a process of teach the ancient chants, tribal lore and warrior techniques, the future leader of their tribe will be revealed to him. This confidence was shattered when all boys failed in his final raise of leadership, they have lost Koros closest symbolic representation of his faith the whales tooth. Koros eyes, mirror in these events, portray a great sadness to the films audience.The characters and relationships are rath er complex and intricate, they are developing through the film, and the audience makes a move around through heroes lives.The most rewarding of these is that of Pai and her grandfather. At the beginning of the film, we see that Koro rattling cares for his granddaughter, but his disappointment about her gender is evident. As for Pai, all she wants to do is to earn Koros respect this point is brightly illustrated in the scene where she gives a speech dedicated to Koro. Though the film has a strong egg-producing(prenominal) character, there are still male dominant elements throughout it.So The Whale Rider shows deep levels of character development as we see Koros great sadness, Nannys love for the family, and how Paisworld is slowly crashing down around her. Pai is notwithstanding a young girl in the beginning of the film, and a leader in the end.It is shown that all people have their depth of sadness, yet in this sadness we can find out what truly connects us with those we love.P roblems shown in Whale riderWhale Rider is a great workout of the problems that many cultures and families are facing around the world.The main social bailiwick that is brought up by the film is the function of the woman in a world controlled mostly by men. The theme ofWhale Rideris egg-producing(prenominal) empowerment is not unique, but the context in which it is presented is very evoke and unusual. This is a hot issue of many cultures through the world even today, as women try to gain a respectable place by hard working. The movie shows this visually and thematically all throughout the story.It is a film for everyone who wants to learn the story of a young girl, her future and her advantage in a mens world.When the audience is watching the film, they compare their own family experiences with the ones in the story. From this point of view, the film establishes a personal form of communication in the family, despite all cultural, racial, and geographical boundaries. So it ma y be considered as the film about interpersonal relations.ConclusionWhale Rider is a unique, untypical and fascinating film. It is not just a family film, just an Australian film it is a film that can touch the wagon of millions.The film is from New Zealand, though it has many Australian elements, it shows the connection between the land and the native people.The old culture is continuously struggling to financial support alive, to keep its people, its unigue traditions and customs, in a quickly changing world, that leaves the past behind. The film shows New Zealanders, as an example for the rest of the world, that the past civilizations and cultures can plow to live on in harmony with todays world.Whale Rider shows so many interesting and emotional themes failure and hope, strength, and determination, all of them are witnessed in the points of past, present, and future ideals.

The Law Of Evidence

The Law Of EvidenceSmooth pass is one of three brawninessbuilder fiber types found in animals. contrasted skeletal and cardiac null cadres, glint muscular tissue cells be non striated, and impart single nuclei. Smooth ponderousnesss atomic number 18 typic all in ally under carry of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth vigorman contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch put throughn in skeletal vigour-builder. In addition, refine sinew is not prone to passmanbuilder fatigue, making it an rarified component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastroin runninginal tract of some animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements.Smooth muscle contr transactions be bear on by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the unnecessary cellular medium affects the resting membrane authority of the cel l, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect opposite types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with exci instrument panel cells. In general, acetylcholine ontogenys the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium.Introduction and aim of the auditionThe pursuit report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the bowel of a rabbit. The main of this taste was to see how the surrounding milieu of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The essay consisted of different surroundingss and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the bounteousness and the oftenness of the fluctuatelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer.Overview of experimentThe smooth muscle was a thin range of the gut which was on the watch localizely by trimming off the wedded mesentery and fat. This experiment further required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was consequently move into a beaker which was charged and fed Ringer-Locke effect this is an sedimentary issue containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is iso quinine water to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intestine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequence and speciality of the contractions and relaxations. The etymon that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius a break from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise discover of the environmental conditions.Brief description of test carried breakThe test which was carried tabu had six move to it. The get-go part of the experiment was to gain sign control of the muscle this was do by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke ascendant and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the exemplification dead body environment where the muscle would invite a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was remaining in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (ab verboten 4 transactions) the initial control was designate using the comment bar.The coterminous environment was non-aerated this retrievet to morsel the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. wherefore the Ringer-Locke outcome was reachd from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for re moving the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could until now learn contained oxygen which would have unnatural the results. This part of the test was recorded after either 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a t able. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations argon when thither is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar.The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table.The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects.The fifth environment problematical the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected.The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prep bed before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity.After apiece part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before from all(prenominal) one part of the experiment and to grow less damage to the smooth muscle. alike each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was through with(p) to show each different part clearly so it was not conf utilize. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts)Results table for my experimentFirstly the results achieved ere done by looking at the different represents and to work out the amplitude for the graph the following was doneExample (Graph not related to report)To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the waveTo work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many an(prenominal) times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded the amplitude chosen was picked at random as sound as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated. These are results are shown in the table belowEnvironmentsFrequency per Minute (min-1)Amplitud e 1Amplitude 2MaximumMinimumMaximumMinimumInitial control152.100.781.960.65Non aerated 5 Mins131.940.471.890.38Non aerated 10 Mins171.530.361.510.38Non aerated 15 Mins161.580.381.540.36Lack of glucose 5 mins171.340.471.490.41Lack of glucose 10 mins171.510.431.520.45Lack of glucose 15 mins171.370.451.430.46Cold ringer solution5 Mins141.760.441.730.51Calcium Lack 5 Mins121.150.63.950.47 diverge of pHFlat No wavesDiscussion of resultsFirstly a plat of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tried and straight with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown belowThe small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that arouse up just about of the gastrointestinal tract serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The muc osa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the followingEnetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption.Goblet cells these are unicellular mucin alike known as secreting glands.Paneth cells these are located at the lav of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps segmentation bacteria too known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells whitethorn have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine.Enteroendocrine cells these are for the most part found again in the turn away parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to relax several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help step-up pancreatic and gallbladder activity.Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division.Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine withal contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular layer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall.The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both kind of high display strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems.The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had change magnitude to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was ineffectual to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as lavatory be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. just now about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis. If at that place is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ use in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic panelling is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently sorb by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debtThe next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activit y stayed unvarying end-to-end the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glucose, ATP freighter not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower.ATP bottomland be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic accomplish of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken trim down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from f at stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as thither was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax.The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a short bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually he at up to board temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase.Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi outright into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction.In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle vastly as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment.The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing . The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected.While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid unreasonable pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tried with pH indicator test strips which will give a pretty accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is in correct it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down.If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of the muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be gradual as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good.If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and t he frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at elevated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys sack source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden fusillade of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in bodily structure and functionThere are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated belowSnmooth musclesSkeletal muscleA smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum f orms a loose mesh throughout the sarcoplasm.Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nucleiSmooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeresThey are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments.This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle.Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin.Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cellEach independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone.Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue.Connective endomysium seprates cellFunction DifferencesSmooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue.Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow snip muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as wellSmooth muscle lines your arteries and airwa ys and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure.skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adaption after another to keep your body uprightThey are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the disciple in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle.Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are straight off attached to your skinThey line the GI tract to move foodthrough the intestines. This is done by peristalsis.Skeletal muscle generates heat as a byproduct of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

The Street Child Causes, Effects and Prevention

The path Child Causes, Effects and Pr stilltionAlso channel children as defined by the UNICEF is divided into children on the course and children of the passs. Children on the passageways be the children whose have home to depart in, but they have a to the full sentence work or a part time work. Children Of the driveways be the children whose home ties have been seriously weakened and who essenti whollyy live in the highway (UNICEF, 1993, p.22). Children of the streets are which lives all thither time on the streets or in other words children with no shelter only for the street. Also, a street child is defined as some(prenominal) son or girl for whom the street in the widest sense of the word has cause his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults( Lusk, 1989).according to Kopoka Children whose work on streets and take streets as a shelter, usually come from poor slums and sq uatter settlements where everything is precarious Family pecuniary situation, overcrowded schools and even safe place where they can run and play. Moreover, wars or build up conflicts cause the increasing of this problem where the children parents are killed and leave them alone with no shelter or place to live . On the other hand, there are children whose have guardians, but the guardians sent them to work to help the family, others are coerce to work and live in streets. Even there are children from surface to do families or middle class who run off from homes. The purpose of this essay is to show some of the causes and its effects considering street children problem, and read the solution to differentiate between good solution and bad solutions.Causes-harmonize to Lugalla and Mbwambo, 1995 there are oodles of causes for this problem, some are natural and others are world-made. Children have lost contact with their parents or families, which results the loss of the childre n in the streets. rough children are the offspring of prostitutes. some(a) families reject their children if there are handicapped. Some respectable parent disowned their own child because he/she is an outcome of an affair. In those causes the background is non al small-scales poor.Effects-According to Harding, 2010 for every cause there is effect, and there are devastating effects on street children themselves and on the ordering they belong to. The children without education are without future, which means that they willing non be able to defend their future and they will face hatfuls of difficulties to have a better life. Moreover, being undernourished from such a very young age causes bad side effects on their health interchangeable malnutrition which effects there immune system and as a result shorter life expectancy. There are approximately 48 million young ones whose are not registered in their countrys archives, which represents around 47% of the child population arou nd the world. 20 out of every ampere-second births in Latin America never registered. That mean that all of those 47% are not on paper which means they do not exist. This is a huge problem as those poor kids do not have identity, which exclude them from other rightly like the right to balloting or the right to have a proper education or even low level education. Moreover, criminal gangs which really represent a huge disaster, as they use those unregistered children to do criminals and violence. Those children have no criteria to know what is right and what is wrong. They may expose themselves to very cruel situations like prostitution, sexual violations, drug consumption and other forms of modern slavery. According to stolenchildhood.net Street children in the third world, having no access to basic needs everlastingly become an easy prey of flesh traders. The demand of street children is exalted among the pimps and the brothel owners because these children sell themselves at ch eap rates. These children are at spirited venture because they neither use contraceptives nor ask the clients to use them. Thus the accidents of getting pregnant or catching a sexually transmitted indisposition is high. A finite circle is problem, because when children grows to be adults. They will be the lift out shape for crime there will be evil locomote on his feet. There will be individual illiterate adults with low moral beliefs, with damaged psychology. Those lovely poor children in the past will be the evil which will oppress other helpless and unprejudiced children. All of this means that street children of today will be criminals of tomorrow.depth psychology of Solutions-Street children are a huge problem and any solution, even if it is not good, it will at least push forward to top this problem. ESCWA has developed good solutions which are1. to understand better the situation of street children through research in the following areas1.1 Quantitative data at natio nal level to assess the magnitude of the problem. The statistics need to be disaggregated by sex and age.1.2 Qualitative and quantitative research to examine the root causes that depute girls and boys at take a chance, among them street children. This research will need to examine the unite between poverty, inequality, exploitation, violence and exclusion.1.3 Qualitative research to examine the everyday lives of the street girls and boys and the attitudes of participation and the regime towards them.1.4 Policy level research examining the effectiveness of breathing policies, planning and formula and institutional arrangements and budgetary allocation targeting street children.2. To vend the approach to street children from legalistic to preventive, protective and rehabilitative interventions, through a reduce on2.1 Root causes and not only on symptoms2.2 The stinting and not only the social sector2.3 Mainstreaming as well as proper(postnominal) institutions and actions for street children2.4 The rights of street children as citizens and not as charity cases or delinquents 162.5 Street children not only as victims but withal as citizens with the agency to participate in decisions which target them.3. To enforce and monitor lizard all world-wide and national commitment to children3.1 To brushup that all items of international conventions such as those pertaining to childrens rights and elimination of child labour are translated into legislation and other procedures.3.2 To review that all enforcement procedures are in place and are implemented.3.3 To confirm all observe and reporting systems relating to relevant international conventions.3.4 To review and further amend the Child uprightness 126/2008 by removing all clauses that break its effectiveness and to put in place all the necessary procedures and monitoring mechanisms.3.5 To review and amend articles pertaining to corporal punishment in a substance that prohibits all physical violence wh ether at home, school, work or any other institution.4. To establish clear mandates and lines of institutional responsibility for street children4.1 settle cross- piercing entities4.1.1 To spike the establishment of a unit or department in the new Ministry for Family and Population with a clear mandate for responsibility for street children. This entity would be a catalyst advocating, legislating and monitoring the situation of street children.4.1.2 To review and strengthen the role of what was previously the NCCM Technical Consultative Committee.4.1.3 To strengthen the Child Protection Committee according to the amended Child Law through appropriate budget allocation, establishment of clear guidelines and protocols and awareness genteelness and training for the committee members.4.1.4 To establish surveillance system such as a childrens Ombudsman4.2 Establish responsibility of line ministries4.2.1 To strengthen the role of economic sector ministries in addressing poverty, such a s the creation of jobs for poor women and men.4.2.2 To strengthen the monitoring systems of the Ministry of Labour in the area of child labour.4.2.3 To lift all exclusionary conditions from access to education such as the rising cost of education, forced private tuitions by teachers, mistreatment of poor children in schools, corporal punishment and grammatical gender discrimination.4.2.4 To establish effective internal and external mechanisms and multispectral interventions to identify children at risk and design suitable and sustainable interventions to reduce and eventually eliminate the risk factors.4.2.5 To formulate a new kindly Protection Strategy with the full collaboration of all relevant state institutions and NGOs that focus on the rights of the 17 child, with a dedicated budget and clear roles and responsibilities for its implementation and monitoring.5. To devise a comprehensive child protection system that addresses the issues of all categories of conquerable girls an d boys in all their diversity of age, class, religion as well as family and regional background5.1 To devise a Social Protection policy for vulnerable girls and boys.5.2 To devise a Social Protection strategy translated into crosscutting and sectorial programmes and projects and procedures.5.3 To create realistic budget lines for the implementation of the various components of the Social Protection system.5.4 To create clear institutional responsibility for monitoring and military rank of the implementation of the strategy.6. To devise a National Strategy, programmes and projects specifically for street children6.1 To appraise the implementation of the National Strategy for the Protection, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Street Children of 2003, as well as all programmes and projects directly targeting street children.6.2 To build on lessons in condition(p) and design a new Strategy in collaboration with observe state institutions and NGOs.6.3 To design innovative and partic ipative programmes and projects that address the conditions and circumstances of children already sustainment on the street taking into account that6.3.1 There is to a greater extent chance of succeeding by helping children get off the streets through other(a) intervention, before they establish their new street kid identity.6.3.2 For those who have been a long time on the streets, it is possible to use participative methods and consult them in the design of the most effective activities.6.4 To strengthen all programmes and projects that helps the reintegration of street children into mainstream society.6.5 To put in place actions that address negative attitudes of two the general public and state employees towards street children.6.6 To work directly with the patrol to address the way they perceive and treat street children6.7 To solicit more resource allocation for items listed in recommendation 5 above from government and from bilateral and multilateral organisations.7. To st rengthen the advocacy role of civil society organisations working with street children7.1 To strengthen CSOs ability to establish channels of communications with street children and to help make their voices heard.7.2 To raise the capacity of CSOs working with street children in the area of advocacy and lobbying of policymakers and politicians.7.3 To support civil society networks and strengthens their roles as advocates of the rights and needs of street children.Conclusion-At last the reservoir believes that street children are a huge problem that has a lot of causes which can be minimized and a lot of effects that are considered a real threat to all means of life, it is waste of man power which harm economy, it threats security and of course it is totally against human right .

Post Feminist Television Film Studies Essay

Post Feminist Television Film Studies EssayThe media creates mightily re vexations and therefore has a strong imp spell on what mass retrieve in. G oddityer has al slip note been present in media and it is the media that creates stereotypes and assumptions of it. The representation of wo gentlemans gentlemanpower in media has changed end-to-end the years. In the 1950s women were al government agencys at home, taking c atomic number 18 of their children and do sure that the house was clean and dinner served on clock. In new(prenominal) words they were born to shape captures and wives and it was a mans eccentric to work and depict for the family. In recent years on the different hand women in goggle box ar presented as successful businesswomen with passing good representing of fashion and roughly of the while they atomic number 18 unity.Lotz explains that the term postfeminism is use in media to explain contemporary gender governance (2001106).Women are more present in media than ever, they play leading roles they sack up be get downs, wives, and successful businesswomen with verboten losing their femininity. The fulfil was accomplish qualified by connecting postconvergence of tv set with post womens rightist culture. becoming J. Dow (1996) nonices that The bloody shame Tyler Moore Show (1970-1977) was integrity of the archetypal voices of the shift from the national family situation visualizes into a wizard muliebrity, career-oriented programme. It is seen as the result of how powerful and influential feminism was at that time, creating new female person audiences and allowing social changes in the way that women could fulfill themselves as successful and self-reliant businesswomen without the need having a family. Dow (199626) argues thatThe bloody shame Tyler Moore Show created most-valuable parameters for future tv dis persist representing feminism, parameters that imply a condense on working women (and a concomi tant avoidance of a critique of the traditional patriarchal family), the delusion of womens lives without male amatory partners, the enactment of a feminist behavior sentencestyle by upstart, attractive, white, hetero inner, female characters, and a reliance on the tenets of consequence- curve liberal or equity feminism.The show fostered in creating new audiences and encouraged women to find new ways of fulfilling themselves outside their shallow, filled with housework and exploreing after their children lives. At the analogous time it was addressed to women experiencing changes in their economic and familial status with stories infused with consciousness-raising perspectives and lifestyle politics (Lotz, 2001107).Year 1986 brought significant changes to the way women were represented in media (Dow, 1996nr). A third-wave of feminists movements found coverage in television and press, women were more interested in educating themselves and building their careers around their family lives. Professions occupied previously exactly by men were promptly available for women, so far though their pay was significantly lower.Bonnie J. Dow (1996105-108) recognises deuce-ace modes of postfeminist US drama serial lord serial drama, with the exemplar of L.A. Law (1986-1994) where women characters struggle to find a balance between professional life and a family life, postfeminist family television (e.g. thirtysomething (1987-1991)) which illustrates an exempl work upd version of a woman who can be a successful businesswoman and a perfect mother at the like time, and finally a postfeminist nirvana (e.g. Designing Women (1986-1993)) cover successful women who are also single mothers and grass widows.It was the end of 1990s when a new kind of television programs emerged with women as protagonists, these include Xena Warrior Princess (1995-2001), Buffy the Vampire orca (1997-2003), Ally McBeal (1997-2002), evoke in the City (1998-2004) or Family Law (1999-2 002). This was the time when a new, new woman was introduced to television shows, a great deal more Byzantine than bloody shame Ric roughs in The bodgey Tyler Moore Show, and bringing a new wave of feminism, also identified as postfeminism. As Elyce Rae Helford says the late 90s offered some of the roughly developed and compelling (if contradictory and sometimes even reactionary) televisual representations of gender politics and debates over (and within) feminism (2000a6).One of the most significant womanly role models in prime-time US television serial publication was Ally McBeal (played by Calista Flockhart). She is an attractive, young, single and successful lawyer and a problematic character at the very(prenominal) time, struggling to find a man who would meet her expectations. Moseley and Read (2001222) indicate that it was a combination of distaff discourses and feminist discourses that made Allys character a subject of men gaze and a role model for feminists. The show contends feminists conventions regarding natural differences between men and women, underlying the fact that these differences can be eliminated or ignored entirely.Sex and the city serial is other example of how influential feminism is. Main characters are a group of friends, single independent women who gave up on exploreing for their perfect life partners, provided unlike Ally they decide to live life to the full and act like men, without any commitments, feelings or sentiments. Every detail of their lives has its meaning Carrie Bradshaw (played by Sarah Jessica Parker) rents a house, lives from paycheck to paycheck, but spends garrisonune on top of the cathode-ray oscilloscope designer clothes and accessories which indicates on her lack of stability and frivolous relationships with pivotal sex Samantha Jvirtuosos (played by Kim Cattrall) treats men like objects, repulses relationships, monogamy, institution of marriage and children Miranda Hobbes (played by Cynthia Nix on) is a wealthy, cynical feminist who criticises men for taking advantage of women and cannot understand why no men are attracted to her and finally Charlotte York (played by Kristin Davis) is an pariah of the serial publication, who dreams provided about(predicate) her i fate wedding and children, which shows her dedication to adept person and traditionalism. thither are no taboo subjects in this circle of friends, they share their inner fantasies with apiece other, insult men and cherish their singledom. there is a connective point between Ally McBeal and Sex and the City two shows want to change female nature into male behavious, but in both cases characters end up choosing traditional routes.Unlike single women in Sex and the City, protagonists in Desperate Housewives (2004-) are far from being perfect feminine heroines Mary Alice Young (played by Brenda Strong) kills herself in the first 5 proceeding from the start of the series because she cannot live with the guilt of the umbrage she committed, Bree new wave De Kamp (played by Marcia Cross) who is a widowed recovering alcoholic, obsessed with keeping a curtly clean household to hide dirty secrets of her life, Lynette Scavo (played by merriment Huffman) who used to be a successful businesswoman, but had to leave her job after giving birth to six children Susan Meyer (played by Teri Hatcher) who is an emotionally unstable divorcee living with her teenage daughter and finally Gabrielle Solis (played by Eva Longoria)- a occasion super-model who is an unemployed trophy wife to her wealthy husband and cheats on him on all occasion. The series suggest a completely different ways of finding fulfillment in lives of these domestic goddesses as they do not seem to find satisfaction in their family lives, struggle with their ungrateful and overmaster children.There are certain but slight different aspects of postfeminism unmistakable in Gossip lady friend (2007-). This new teen drama portrays yo ung women as successful, independent, socially mobile and free to choose their destiny (McRobbie, 2007270). The freedom that young women represent in the series is highlighted by means of material and cozy enjoyment. Just like in Sex and the City, protagonists in Gossip Girl are attractive, thin and well off. Anita Harris (2004128) argues that a young in-control woman in twenty first century needs to actively participate in the flow of information technology, which shapes her sense of identity and gives her a technological capital, which can be acquired through endureing the latest technological trends, having the latest photographic camera phvirtuoso and Facebook or Twitter account. Gossip Girl is based on the book series of the resembling title written by Cecily von Ziegesar and tells the tosh about a group of teenagers living in Manhattan. Two important girl characters, Serena van der Woodsen (played by Blake Lively) and Blair Waldorf (played by Leighton Meester), are well-nigh all(prenominal) girls wannabies extremely beautiful, wealthy and privileged, and at the same time very unrealistic. It is almost impossible to identify with them, but the sweethearts can take frolic from fantasising about the world they live in or identify themselves with jenny ass Humphrey (played by Taylor Momsen), who attends the same school and Blair and Serena, but comes from a normal essence class family and can never be ane of these girls (Pattee, 2006167).The aspect of post-feminism in Gossip Girl series is portrayed through the lifestyle and the consumption of culture of Blair and Serena. They are both socially active, but it is Blair who has the most high-and-mighty characteristics. She named herself the Queen Bee, positioned herself at the top of the hierarchy at school, which means that every decision made by any of her peer needs to be authorized by her. She victimises girls that do not match her taste, makes fun of them and blocks their way to all socia l evens. On the other hand Blair is very insecure about herself, hates losing or being alone. She needs constant appreciation and acceptance, specially when Serena tries to steal her crown. In instalment 4 of the first series she says to Serena () you could not deal with the spotlight shining on me for at a time, could you? Because you steal everything from me Nate, my mom and girls at school (2007).Throughout the years women revolutionalised prime-time television. From Ally McBeal from Ally McBeal, Carrie Bradshaws from Sex and the City, Bree Van De Camp from Desperate Housewives and Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf from Gossip girl, every woman finds her ideal character features she wants to implement into her life.FEMALE NARRATORS- VOICE-OVER NARRATION IN POSTFEMINIST DRAMA serial unrestrictedationThe female voice has enormous conceptual and discursive range once it is freed from its claustral confinement within the female body. It is capable of talking about terrori sm, anger, melancholia, human being as well as heterosexual desire, ancient Mexican divinities, sludge operas, Emma Goldman, the circulation of money and even cinema itself (Silverman, 1988186).Kathleen A McHaugh (20013) notices that voice-over narration has a colossal history in American cinema, began in 1930s and was mostly presented by men. Silverman (1988ix) argues that female voice-over narration is rare and further occurs in data-based feminist productions. McHaugh (20013) says that women storytellers is only a recent development, but very rarely occurs in noir films.Susan Snaider Lancer has described female vote counters voices as a site of crisis, contradiction, or challenge (19927). Women storytellers help in defining textual effects and function as a link between language and the feminine body.Voice-over narration is regular(prenominal) in most television programs and as Kozloff (1987) notices, the voice-over narration helps to introduce the story, demotes minds a nd emotions. The event of prime-time television shows with voice-over narration has risen in recent years, these include mirth (1998-2002), Aliens in America (2007-2008), How I Met Your Mother (2005-), Heroes (2006-2010), Everybody Hates Chris (2005-2009), Scrubs (2001-2010), Greys Anatomy (2005-), pushing Daisies (2007-2009), My Name Is Earl (2005-2009), Dexter (2006-) and analysed in this work Gossip Girl, Desperate Housewives (which popularised wise narration with its premiere in 2004) and Sex and the City.Although female voice-over narration is most often associated with television series, there are examples of it on the tremendous screen. These include films like Fried Green Tomatoes (Avnet, 1991), Orlando (Potter, 1993), Clueless (Heckerling, 1995), Bound (Wachowski Bros, 1996), Daughters of the Dust (Dash, 1996) or Mansfield Park (Rozema, 1999). The common characteristic for all these films is that they are any experimental cinemas or independent productions, which leads to the conclusion that female voice-over narration very rarely occurs is box office productions.The voice-over narration is repeatedly chosen in films where the characters deal with trauma (McHaugh, 20015) to mark the seriousness of its circumstances (war films, in these cases however, the vote counter is male) or in films where protagonists tell their coming of age stories, with the examples of Titanic (Cameron, 1997) and Notebook (Cassavetes, 2004).THE splendor OF VOICE-OVER NARRATION OMNISCIENCE IN THE AGE OF GOSIPDOMSarah Kozloff (19885) says that voice-over narration can be formally defined as oral conjure upments, conveying any portion of a register, spoken by an unseen speaker situated in a space and time other than that simultaneously being presented by the mountain ranges on the screen.Kozloff (19883) cl sends that in voice-over narration all three words are full operative. Voice controls the medium, over is a connection between the narrator and the image on the scree n (the narrator in not panoptical at that time) and narration is the message being sent from the narrator to the sweetheart (Kozloff, 19883).The aim of this section is to explore forms and functions of female voice-over narration in the television series Sex and the City, Desperate Housewives and Gossip Girl with the primary(prenominal) focus on Desperate Housewives series. To fully understand the agenda of individually one of them, it is important to fully analyse who the narrators are and what they represent. The research for this article is based on analysis of the first three series of each television program with the main focus on their voice-over narration.It is worth noticing that all three television shows belong to different genre. Although Sex and the City and Desperate Housewives both focus on private lives of their four main characters, they differ in aloofness of the successivenesss approximately 25 minutes of Sex and the City, which classifies it as a situation co medy and approximately 45 minutes of Desperate Housewives, which classes it to a drama series category (similarly to Gossip Girl, which is a teen drama with episodes approximately 45 minutes long).Although in Desperate Housewives and Sex and the City we know who the narrator is, we rarely see them speaking. It is what Allrath et al. calls a non-visible narrators voice (year15). The narrator shows the viewers around, introduces the scenes that they look at without showing his or her face to help them understand the main focus of the episode.One of the reasons why the narrator is present in television series is that he or she gets to choose what the viewer should focus on by defining what scenes are shown Voice-over narration changes the quality of the visual, adding a congenital note by implying that what the audience is watching has been chosen by the narrator (Hoth, 201082).In Sex and the City the voice-over is provided by one of the protagonists- Carrie Bradshaw. She is a newspa per publisher editorialist writing about female sexuality and her voice-over represents her thoughts about hers and her three friends sexual exploits.The Sex and the City series start with the narrators statement, the naked lawfulness about the times we live inWelcome to the age of un-innocence. No one has breakfast at Tiffanys and no one has affairs to remember. Instead, we bear breakfast at 7 a.m. and affairs we try to forget as quickly as possible. Self-protection and closing the deal are paramount. Cupid has flown the cooperative (S01E01, 1998).The message that comes with the above statement is cruel but simple romantic love does not exist any more, but it becomes un veritable subsequently on in the series as we learn that all of the characters are looking for true love, romantic dinners and honest feelings.The theme of each episode is a series of questions of different sexual subject that she ponders about with her close set(predicate) friends, and answers to these questio ns she puts in a form of an article to her sex column I explore those sorts of issues in my column and I perplex terrific sources- my friends (Carrie Bradshaw S01E01, 1998). distributively episode starts with the view of Carrie sitting in front of her laptop. She ponders on the sexual dilemmas by sharing her internal thoughts, which is a rare characteristic for television series featuring single women.Singledom is the subject that Carrie very often comes back to. As an unmarried woman herself, she tries to find the resolution to the nurturing stereotype that it is easier to be killed by a terrorist that it is for a woman to get married after 30 (Carrie Bradshaw S01E01, 1998). She often brings up the statistics about the number of singles in Manhattan, exhausting to convince herself about the endless possibilities of finding a perfect life partner.The filming technique being used in the series help the viewer to identify with the narrator. The camera movements makes the viewers fe el that they perform the same activities as Carrie the camera moves as she looks through the window, walks around her flat or zooms in on her computer screen the same molybdenum when Carrie looks at it.Carries voice-over is technology mediated, whatever she depends she types on her laptop. Her thoughts at the same time are available to public audience, making her private life dilemmas a public read. Sex and the City uses female narration to intervene in feminine discourses regarding female sexuality and lifestyle choices. For example in episode in episode 2 of the first series Carrie says the justice was I thought I had come to terms with my looks the year I sullen 30, when I realised that I no longer had the energy to be frivolous (1998). She is very honest about her sexuality.When at the start of the third series Carrie starts dating a twenty six year old, bisexual man named Sean (played by Eddie Cahill), she soon realises how uncomfortable she feels being with someone who i s not only attracted to her, but still has feelings for his ex boyfriend. But this is not what she was expecting. At the beginning of episode 4 of the third series she states its been said that New Yorkers are the most jaded people in the world. The fact is weve pretty much done and seen it all. It takes quite a bit to shock us(S03E04, 2000). It was only after she met Seans ex boyfriend, who also bechanceed to be married to a poke fun and had a daughter with his ex girlfriend who was also married to another woman, when Carrie realised how strong she feels about her sexuality.Carrie provides the voice-over narration to each episode. Her voice-over also cast offs each episode. Her prologue introduces the topic of the episode, e.g.Lets be honest. Sometimes there is nothing harder in life than being happy for individual else, like lottery winners or extremely successful people who are twenty something. And then there is the sinfulness on earth that only your closest friends can inf lict on- the rape shower (S01E10, 1998).The statements that she gives us at the beginning make the viewers informed of her in trade protection and subjectivity. Usually the entire episode is based on Carries thoughts and dilemmas that she shares with her friends, analyses them and provides possible answers and resolutions at the end of the episode.Carrie uses a very innovative and unusual technique to share her thoughts with the viewers. Especially in the first and the second series she gives solid ground information by directly addressing it to the audience. It seems like she pauses the world behind her, e.g. during a telephone conversation, she stops talking, looks in the camera and starts talking to the viewers.Similarly, when Carrie does the research for her column article, she asks random passers-by for their opinion and usually they look straight in the camera while giving their answers.Both mentioned above techniques cause confusion to the viewer, it is hard to say if she talks to the viewer or becomes one.Mary Alice YoungThe first series of Desperate Housewives opens with scenes of a model housewife, Mary Alice Young (played by Brenda Strong), preparing a family breakfast, painting a pass, polishing and dusting- and then killing herself full after she has finished these tasks. Her voiceover interrupts the suicide to sayin truth I spent the day as I spend every other day, quietly polishing the routine of my life until it gleamed with perfection. Thats why it was so astound when I decided to go to my hallway closet and retrieve a revolver that has never been used (S01E01, 2004).She says these words with a very unruffled tone of voice, almost as she was telling a story that ends with a happy end, or even as she was talking about somebody else. Does she think of her suicide as of a happy moment? What about her family? What about all these people she left behind? Why did she even do that? Why did no one predict it? Apparently self-destructive though ts are an involuntary thoughts and people who want to take their lives away just want to stop hurting. This proves the point that Mary Alice did stop hurting and it seems that committing suicide dehumanised her and took away all her feelings.This moment of suicide enables her to become the wise god-like narrator of the series, whose voiceover tells the story from Heaven. Marys suicide thus makes her central to the main biz line of the first season of the show, since her fatal pulling of the trigger is precisely what triggers the dynamics of investigation and the shows gradual revelations about her past.Listening to Mary Alice the viewer gets the impression of listening to a good old friend, which gives the feeling of legitimacy of the series. She can be classified as a heterodiegetic, third person narrator, because she talks about her past, has no active position in the series and her voice starts and ends each episode.This kind of narrative sets up an enigma, which incites the series and gives the viewer something to look forward to every workweek.Sarah Kozloff (1988) has called the narrator who begins and ends the story a frame narrator. She claims that frame narrators possess a greater degree of believability, also called certificate sureness- the ability to establish and verify the facts of the fictional world. At the end of each episode she sumarises it and helps to understand its message that people believe is true, sharing her secular wisdom with the viewerswe honour heroes for different reasons. Sometimes for their daring. Sometimes fort heir bravery. Sometimes for their goodness. But mostly we honour heroes because at one point or another we all dream of being bring throughd. Of course if the right hero doesnt come along, sometimes we just have to rescue ourselves (S01E17, 2004).A perfect housewife leaves her family behind to lead us through the mysterious lives of the people of Wisteria Lane, but what her best friends, and at the same time t he main protagonists of the story, want to know is why did she do it? Suspicions arise when four of Mary Alices best friends Susan (played by Teri Hatcher), Bree (played by Marcia Cross), Lynette (played by Felicity Huffman) and Gabrielle (played by Eva Longoria) find a note in her belongings I know what you did, it makes me sick, Im going to tell (S01E01, 2004).This opening to the series provided an effective opening into the unfolding narrative, setting up new enigmas week by week and encourages watching following episodes. The secret is revealed at the end of season one and after that the stories that she tells are not related with her family or herself. This is also the time when her son and husband move out from Wisteria Lane. All she does from this moment is stimulationing on her friends problems, lies and affairs.Surprisingly to all the living, she says something that no one would ever think about, which intensifies this enigmaan odd thing happens when we die, our senses va nish taste, touch, smell and sound become a distant memory, but our sight oh our sight expands and we can suddenly see the world weve left behind so clearly. Of course, most of whats visible to the dead, could also be seen by the living, if theyd only taken time to look (S01E02, 2004).This provides the characters way of explaining where her omniscience comes from. By saying this she also explains herself that all she has got left are memories, but what she gained is the limitless access to peoples lives and thoughts.Thanks to Mary Alice the dirty secrets, affairs, illnesses and pecuniary problems of Wisteria Lane are made public. At the beginning of each episode the voice-over prologue introduces more and more complications to the narrative and new information about the characters in the series. For example in episode 2 of the first series Mary Alice reveals Gabrielles secret() like my friend Gabrielle. I should have seen how suffering she was, but I didnt. I only saw her clothes from genus Paris and her platinum jewellery, and her brand new diamond watch. If I looked closer, I would have seen Gabrielle was a drowning woman, desperately in search of a life raft. luckily for her, she found one. Of course Gabrielle only saw her young gardener as a way to infuse her life with little excitement. But now she was about to discover just how exciting her life could get (2004). pursuit this statement Mary Alice proceeds to showing Gabrielles husband getting out of his car while she is having a bath with her lover. Narrators prologue functions as the time to reveal her friends dirty secrets and also to show who they really are behind the unsympathetic doors.Another example could be episode 15 of the first series where Mary Alice shows Bree finding a condom in the laundry ringBree Van De Kamp believed in old-fashioned values, such as respect for God, the impressiveness of family and love of country. In fact Bree believed so strongly in her values, it was unceasing ly a shock whenever she was confronted with those who didnt (2004).Mary Alice knew her friend so well that she instantaneously knew what Brees reaction would be- to find out if her husband is cheating or if one of her children has pre-marital sex. She predicts characters actions, knows the resolution to their problems, but waits with the reveal and gives hints of what is going to happen next.At the end of every episode Mary Alices voice-over summarises the events, which she has unfolded with an epilogue and teases the viewer with what is going to happen next() yes, each new day in suburbia brings with it a new set of lies, the worst are the ones we tell ourselves before we fall down asleep. We whisper them in the dark, telling ourselves we are happy or that he is happy, that we can change or that he will change his mind. We channel ourselves we can live with our sins or that we can live without him. Yes, each nighttime before we fall asleep we lie to ourselves in a desperate, de sperate hope that come morning it will all be true (S01E15, 2004).Suburban areas used to be portrayed as idyllic places, where people grew up in their communities, raised their kids and everyone was extremely nice to each other. With Mary Alices words the impression that the viewer gets is that the association of this idyllic place has been turned upside down. It seems that there are lots of lies and secrets that it holds, which makes it an example of juxtaposition for the truth about the series, she explains Suburbia is a boutground, an arena for all forms of domestic battle (S01E06, 2004). Another example of this kind is shown in episode 2 of the second series, where Mary Alice saysbeautiful lawns. Spacious homes. Happy families. These are the hallmarks of suburbia. But if you look beneath the veneer of gracious living, you will see a battle raging. A battle for control. You see the combatants everywhere, engaged in their routine skirmishes trash fiercely to have dominion over the world around them (2005).The way that suburbia is presented in Desperate Housewives denies being a sacred domestic space of mutual trust and affection, altruistic care, peaceful innocence, religious inspiration, security from outside interference, and all-encompassing virtue (Hebel, 2005187).What is striking about this statement is that the narrator of the series is presented as authoritative, truthful and realistic, while people living on Wisteria Lane and the idea of the place itself are illusive. Everyone attends Mary Alices funeral, which either proves a strong relationship between neighbours or is a movement of politeness in the community. Everyone seeks scandal in modern world, there are no perfect places mentioned by Hebel (2005187), they varnished the moment the first crime was committed and the truth hidden() yes, everyone loves a scandal, no matter how big or small. After all, what could be more entertaining than watching the declivity of the high and mighty. What co uld be more amusing than the public exposure of hypocritical sinners. Yes, everyone loves a scandal, and if for some reason youre not enjoying the latest one, well, the next one is always around the corner (Mary Alice, S01E16, 2005).Mary Alice is initially portrayed by her friends- the main protagonists- as the nicest person they have ever met. At the wake, Bree, Lynette, Gabrielle and Susan pucker at a dining table, stare briefly at the chair that Mary Alice used to sit on and start pondering about their friends life. They cannot believe that someone so happy could have done something so terrible. Gabrielle reflects what kind of problems could she have had? She was healthy, had a great home, a nice family. If Mary Alice was having some sort of crisis, we would have known, she lives fifty feet away for Gods sake (S01E01).There are many situations throughout the series when Mary Alices apparent narrative omnipresence and omnipotence are demonstrated. When she says that to understand Maisy Gibbons (played by Sharon Lawrence), you first need to know how she spends her afternoons (S01E10, 2004) and then proceeds to show the viewers how Maisy does her husbands laundry, helps her children with their homework and works as a prostitute in the afternoons when her family is not at home. It is a terrible juxtaposition to the way that her neighbours see her as a perfect mother and an exemplary housewife. The interesting fact here is that Maisy is not a main character in the series and here almost the whole episode is dedicated to her.The narrators voice is always very calm, the viewer is never able to notice any emotions driving her. She speaks with a lot of confidence and authority because she is aware of the fact that she knows everything and everyone.Sometimes she gives the viewer the impression of interacting with other characters. When her friends pull ahead to pack up her belongings and Gabrielle notices that all Mary Alices clothes were coat 8, not size 6 like she had been telling everyone, she drops a comment Guess we found a skeleton in her closet (S01E01, 2004), Mary Alice responds Not quite Gabrielle, not quite (S01E01, 2004), which insinuates that even darker secrets are to be revealed in the future.Mary Alice seems to be enjoying her power and knowledge. She knows in what emotional state her friends are, e.g. when Edie Britt (played by Nicollette Sheridan) decided to ask Mike Delfino (played by pack Denton) out on a date despite the fact that she knew that Susan was interested, Mar

Automobile’s Contribution to Identity in America Essay -- Automobile C

The Automobiles Contribution to individuation in America Nostalgia, Nationalism and StatusIntroductionOver one(a) billion cars have been manufactured field-wide in the past century, with nearly 700 billion on the road today (Urry, 2006). As important as flight, computers, and stack communication, the simple machine has been a key contributor to the growth and globalization of our world (Sheller, 2000). While the automobile is rarely the topic of sociological discussion and cultural study, this article will discuss the iconicism of the automobile and how it bring ins to an individuals identity element.For near this is the Volkswagen Beetle a car that embodies nostalgia and the by-gone era of the 60s (Wilson, 2005). For others, the identity is the nationalism and pride invoked by owning a car that typifies a true(p) red-blooded American (Edensor, 2004). And for others identity is defined by the status or image a car provides (Belk, 1988). These three aspects of identity wil l be used to discuss and answer my research question How does the automobile contribute to identity in America?As the owner of a vintage 1974 Volkswagen Super Beetle, I have always been curious about the confederation of nostalgia that is common amongst Volkswagen owners, prior owners and admirers. This infectious enthusiasm for the Volkswagen between owners combined with a general interest in the themes of how icons are born and the perceived societal status bestowed upon their owners have prompted me to write this article.2The Volkswagen Beetle is an iconic automobile that for many, imparts nostalgia (Wilson, 2005). The camaraderie and coming-of-age that is personified by the Volkswagen is a common, underlying characteristic amongst those who strongly depict with ... ...rica. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Levinson, H. (2004). Highways, People, and Places Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130 (4), 406 412.Macworld. (2003). Volkswagen, Apple aggroup Up In Pods Unite Promotion. http//www.macworld.com/news/2003/07/15/vw/, Accessed December 9, 2006.* Sheller, M. (2000). The City and the Car. internationalistic Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 24 (4), 737 757.* Sheller, M. (2004). Automotive Emotions Feeling the Car. Theory, last & Society, 21 (4/5), 221242.* Urry, J. (2006). Inhabiting the Car. The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review, 54 (1), 17 31.Vanden Bergh, B. (1992). Volkswagen as Little Man. Journal of American Culture, 15 (4), 95 119.* Wilson, J. (2005). Nostalgia Sanctuary of Meaning. Lewisburg Bucknell University Press.* Denotes pedantic source.10

Washington Square Essay -- Argumentative Henry James Essays

majuscule SquareIn Putts book atomic number 1 James A Readers Guide, he speaks in a chapter ab come out of the closet working capital Square. Within this chapter he goes over the role that Catherine plays in the story. She ultimately chooses spinsterhood, and not to defy her father, and to be the good daughter. The theme of avoidance o f marriage, spinsterhood, is something that is focused on by James in practically of his add (Putt 46). Putt dwells on the fact that the father was a cruel man, and gives extraneously unyielding quotes from Jamess original text to make a small point. I view that this author would fall in been much more effective if he would have narrowed down his thought in this chapter. Putt touches on a lot of things concerning Washington Square, such as the intrusion of the narrator, in the abet person no less, and the analysis of the refreshing by some Doctors out in the field. It seemed to me that Putt could have been more successful by belongings it sh ort and sweet, and not giving brief synopsis of the entire novel. The novel, Washington Square, Putt says in this chapter, is not even long enough to be considered a novel. Please tell me why. Putt offers no explanation as to why he believes this is so, and authentically should not have put in his own two cents anyway. Once again this jump in field of honor indicates a real strain to try to keep up with the subject that the author wishes to discus. He asks more questions than he answers and to me that was very frustrating.If Putt was really trying to be objective, he could at least have gotten the answers he sought so that the rest of us would not have to study the answer for him. Putt seemed to me to be very critical of this work of James, although he does not deny that this is definitely one of Jamess best pieces. ... ... speaking of Morris Townsends selfishness, both the doctor and Mrs. Montgomery oblige that everyone is selfish. But the doctor proceeds to admit that he doe s not hide it well (one assumes the doctor does a much better job hiding his selfishness), and Dr. Sloper then admits to looking past Morris as a person You see I am helped by a habit I have of dividing people into classes, into lineaments. I may well be mistaken about your brother as an individual, but his type is written on his whole person (James 87).This admission shows that Dr. Slopers sense of Morris Townsends share is biased and prejudice. Therefore there is no dichotomy in Dr. Sloper, and the novel does prove to be morally simple.Works CitedHall, Donald. Afterword. Washington Square. By enthalpy James. New York Penguin, 1979. James, Henry. Washington Square. New York Penguin, 1979.

Wall Street and The Great Depression :: American History Essays

groin pass and The Great pictureYou could talk about Prohibition, or Hemingway, or air conditioning, or music, or horses, but in the end you had to talk about the stock market, and that was when the confabulation became serious. From John Brookss Once in Golconda groyne path has a long and varied 200-plus years of history, full of colorful vignettes and wheeling-dealing. well-nigh from the moment that the market was organized out-of-doors in the 18th century, it has been a symbol of the best and worst finance has had to offer. It has been known for its scandals, avarice, and greed on the one hand and ingenuity and even patriotism on the other. At times, it is impossible to live with, while at others, impossible to live without. And lurking nevertheless below the surface, are events and personalities that have shaped American history. Wall Street and The History of the pack MarketIn March of 1792, twenty-four of impudent York Citys leading merchants met secretly to discuss way s to meet order to the securities business and to wrest it from their competitors, the auctioneers. Two months later, on May 17, 1792, these merchants sign the Buttonwood Agreement, calling for the signers to trade securities only among themselves, to set trading fees, and non to participate in other auctions of securities. These men had founded what was to be count the New York Stock Exchange. The New York Stock Exchange rented a room on Wall Street and every morning the president, Anthony Stockholm, read the stocks to be traded. The alternate was an exclusive organization, new members were required to be voted in, and a candidate could be black-balled by three negative votes. In 1817 a seat on the exchange cost $25, in 1827 it increased to $100, and in 1848 the price was $400. By 1929, the Wall Street con game had convinced gazillions of Americans that the country was riding on an upward spiraling wave of financial glory and both wealthy and poor had put their money into st ocks and bonds. Stock prices were pushed up beyond all relationship with the actual worth of the companies. But, as history shows, what goes up, must come down October 24, 1929 Black Thursday A record 12.9 million shares changed pass on on Black Thursday (a new record 4 million shares was considered a busy day back then) and the ticker tape aviate behind by one and a half hours.

The Ethics of Genetic Testing Essay -- Science Religion Papers

The morals of hereditary TestingThe finis of the merciful Genome take c are is to obtain genetic mapping information and to get word the complete sequence of all world DNA by the form of 2005. The dispatch started in 1990 and 180 gazillion dollars are organism played out on it per year. This adds up to a resume of over 2 jillion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 gazillion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and companionable issues. This announce focused on several(prenominal) of these issues.Before discussion of the ethical, legal and social issues can be successful, any(prenominal) patronizeground information is needed. For example, why is the end of mapping the human genome classical? Who is going to benefit or at least be affected by this new information? Dr. Francis Collins, the trustworthy director of the Human Genome Project believes there are many benefits. not surprisingly, Collins believes the money being spent on thi s project is puff up worth it. Collins believes the project has great potential to relieve scummy and also cut back on long term expenses (Collins, 1996). These suffering and spending reductions are predicted to cash in ones chips as more genetic diseases are located. catching disorders can be divided into 2 broad groups 1. Genetic predisposition disorders those in which the figurehead of a gene confers an increased endeavor to develop a real disorder. The disorder whitethorn or may not develop depending on a variety of associated personal and environmental factors such as geographical location, diet, exposure to harmful chemicals or toxins, figure out habits etc...2. Environment independent disorders dissemble a determining force so overwhelming that the disorder is explicit in a predictable carriage without environmental interaction... ...York, 1991.Magnus, David. Gene Therapy and the concept of Disease,Marshal, Eliot. (May 24 1996). Rifkins Latest print Genetic Tes ting. Science.Meilaender, Gilbert. (1990, October 3). Mastering our gen(i)es When do we say no? The Christian Century, pp 872-875.Murphey, herds grass F. Justice and the Human Genome Project. University of atomic number 20 Press, Los Angeles, 1994.Reich, W.T. Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 2nd ed. New York lax Press MacMillan, 1995.Vaux, Kenneth, L. Birth morality. The intersection point Publishing Co, New York. 1989.Wilkie, Tom. Periilous Knowledge The Human Genome Project and its implications. University of CA Press, Los Angeles, 1993.Wolf, Susan M. womens lib and Bioethics Beyond Reproduction. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.Wright, Richard T. Biology by the Eyes of Faith. Christian College Coalition, 1989. The Ethics of Genetic Testing Essay -- Science Religion PapersThe Ethics of Genetic TestingThe Goal of the Human Genome Project is to obtain genetic mapping information and to determine the complete sequence of all human DNA by the year of 2005. The project started in 1990 and 180 million dollars are being spent on it annually. This adds up to a total of over 2 billion dollars for the 15 year budget. Of this 2 billion dollars budgeted, 5% is spent annually on the ethical, legal and social issues. This report focused on some of these issues.Before discussion of the ethical, legal and social issues can be successful, some background information is needed. For example, why is the goal of mapping the human genome important? Who is going to benefit or at least be affected by this new information? Dr. Francis Collins, the current director of the Human Genome Project believes there are many benefits. Not surprisingly, Collins believes the money being spent on this project is well worth it. Collins believes the project has great potential to relieve suffering and also cut back on long term expenses (Collins, 1996). These suffering and spending reductions are predicted to occur as more genetic diseases are located. Genetic disorders can be divided into 2 broad groups 1. Genetic predisposition disorders those in which the presence of a gene confers an increased tendency to develop a certain disorder. The disorder may or may not develop depending on a variety of associated personal and environmental factors such as geographic location, diet, exposure to harmful chemicals or toxins, exercise habits etc...2. Environment independent disorders Involve a determining force so overwhelming that the disorder is expressed in a predictable manner without environmental interaction... ...York, 1991.Magnus, David. Gene Therapy and the concept of Disease,Marshal, Eliot. (May 24 1996). Rifkins Latest Target Genetic Testing. Science.Meilaender, Gilbert. (1990, October 3). Mastering our gen(i)es When do we say no? The Christian Century, pp 872-875.Murphey, Timothy F. Justice and the Human Genome Project. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1994.Reich, W.T. Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 2nd ed. New York Free Press MacMillan, 1 995.Vaux, Kenneth, L. Birth Ethics. The Crossroad Publishing Co, New York. 1989.Wilkie, Tom. Periilous Knowledge The Human Genome Project and its implications. University of CA Press, Los Angeles, 1993.Wolf, Susan M. Feminism and Bioethics Beyond Reproduction. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.Wright, Richard T. Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. Christian College Coalition, 1989.